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Open Marxism
Open Marxism is a school of thought which draws on libertarian socialist critiques of party communism and stresses the need for openness to praxis and history through an anti-positivist (dialectical) method grounded in the "practical reflexivity" of Marx's own concepts.〔("The Limitations of "Open Marxism" " by Mike Rooke )〕 The "openness" in Open Marxism also refers to a non-deterministic view of history in which the unpredictability of class struggle is foregrounded.〔("A libertarian Marxist tendency map" )〕 The sources of Open Marxism are many, from György Lukács' return to the philosophical roots of Marx's thinking, to council communism, from anarchism to elements of Autonomism and Situationism. Intellectual affinities with Autonomist Marxism were especially strong, and led to the creation of the journal ''The Commoner'' (2001–12), following in the wake of previous Open Marxist journals ''Arguments'' (1958–62)〔Elden, S. (2004). (Kostas Axelos and the World of the Arguments Circle. ) ''Progressive Geographies.'' Vol. 4: pg. 125-48.〕 and ''Common Sense'' (1987–99). In the 1970s and 1980s, 'state-derivationist' debates around the separation of 'the economic' and 'the political' under capitalism unfolded in the San Francisco-based working group ''Kapitalistate'' and the Conference of Socialist Economists journal ''Capital & Class,'' involving many of the theorists of Open Marxism and significantly influencing its theoretical development.〔Bieler, A., Bruff, I., and Morton, A.D. (2010). Acorns and Fruit: From Totalization to Periodization in the Critique of Capitalism. ''Capital & Class.'' Vol. 34 (1): pg. 25-37〕
Three volumes entitled ''Open Marxism'' were published by Pluto Press in the 1990s. Recent work by Open Marxists has included a revaluation of Theodor W. Adorno. Those commonly associated with Open Marxism include John Holloway, Simon Clarke, Werner Bonefeld, Ana C Dinerstein, Richard Gunn, Kosmas Psychopedis, Adrian Wilding, Peter Burnham, Mike Rooke, Hans-Georg Backhaus, Helmut Reichelt, Harry Cleaver, Johannes Agnoli, Kostas Axelos, and Henri Lefebvre.〔("The Limitations of "Open Marxism" " by Mike Rooke )〕〔("Open Marxism - further reading guide" )〕
==Relationship to Heideggerian and Hegelian Marxism==
Axelos' variant of Open Marxism makes explicit connections to the existentialist critique of systems theory. He uses Martin Heidegger's phenomenology to reveal an open system of relations (loosely rule-governed "play") rather than a closed and deterministic totality that could be known and predicted by Marxist theory. For example, Axelos critiques theories of globalization that assume a closed world picture, as opposed to an open-ended process of world-forming (''mondialisation'') in which the neoliberal project to 'restructure' a crisis-ridden capitalism lacks a firm structural foundation. Axelos tries to maintain the unity of knowledge, even if he sees the world as multidimensional and unrepresentable (see world disclosure for the phenomenological concept of world).〔Axelos, K. (1984). ''Systematique ouverte'' (''Open Systems''). Les Editions de Minuit: Paris.〕 This was a departure from the Heideggerian Marxism of the early Herbert Marcuse, which was, like others in the Frankfurt School, influenced by Hegelianism.〔Marcuse, H. (2005). ''Heideggerian Marxism.'' Ed. Richard Wolin and John Abromeit. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.〕
While most Open Marxists have rejected Hegelian Marxist approaches, there is also a tendency to interpret the work of Antonio Gramsci as non-Hegelian, or a departure from orthodox theory and practice.〔Marzani, C. (1957). ''The Open Marxism of Antonio Gramsci.'' New York: Cameron Associates.〕 Thus, Open Marxism has served as the basis for neo-Gramscian research in international relations by Stephen Gill and Robert W. Cox, although some question the openness of metaphors such as "war of position" and "historic bloc" for analysis of micro-interactions and resistance within contemporary neoliberalism.〔Drainville, A.C. (1994). International Political Economy in the Age of Open Marxism. ''Review of International Political Economy.'' Vol. 1 (1): pg. 105-32〕
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